Birth

The Significance of Pregnancy and Birth for Cultural Evolution by Ludwig Janus

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Ludwig Janus
Publication Date: 
Sep 2015

One of the important differences between Homo sapiens and the other primates is the condition of pregnancy and birth. Because of the upright walk and the larger brain size of Homo sapiens, the birth channel became too narrow to accommodate birth after a long pregnancy. The evolutionary solution was the shortening of human pregnancy from about 21 months to only nine months. The consequence of this was the so-called “physiological prematurity” of human newborns.

Pregnancy
Birth
physiological prematurity
cultural evolution
References: 

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Volume 30, Issue 1

The far-reaching psychological implications of la condition humaine will be outlined in this contribution. Because of this “physiological prematurity,” human babies live simultaneously in the real, outside world, but also still experience the fetal emotional state as a dreamy “other world.” 

Childbirth-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Breastfeeding: Challenges Mothers Face and How Birth Professionals Can Support Them by Kathleen Kendall-Tackett

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Kathleen Kendall-Tackett
Publication Date: 
Jun 2015

Abstract: Birth is life-altering event. Under the best circumstances, it is a happy one. Labor and delivery can be empowering, with mothers feeling that they have accomplished something great. Unfortunately, birth can also be difficult, overwhelming, and for some, traumatic. Without intervention, childbirth-related trauma and PTSD can last for years, coloring how women feel about themselves as mothers, and potentially marring their relationships with partners and babies. Birth trauma and breastfeeding intersect in some key ways. Birth trauma can negatively impact breastfeeding.

Birth
breastfeeding
PTSD
Trauma
References: 

Alcorn, K. L., O’Donovan, A., Patrick, J. C., Creedy, D., & Devilly, G. J. (2010). A prospective longitudinal study of the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder resulting from childbirth events. Psychological Medicine, 40, 1849-1859.

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-V. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.

Ayers, S., Eagle, A., & Waring, H. (2006). The effects of childbirth-related post-traumatic stress disorder on women and their relationships: A qualitative study. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 11(4), 389-398.

Beck, C. T. (2008). Impact of birth trauma on breastfeeding: A tale of two pathways. Nursing Research, 57(4), 229-236.

Beck, C. T. (2011). A metaethnography of traumatic childbirth and its aftermath: Amplifying causal looping. Qualitative Health Research, 21. doi: 10.1177/1049732310390698

Beck, C. T., Gable, R. K., Sakala, C., & Declercq, E. R. (2011). Posttraumatic stress disorder in new mothers: Results from a two-stage U.S. national survey. Birth, 38(3), 216-227.

Beck, C. T., & Watson, S. (2008). Impact of birth trauma on breast-feeding. Nursing Research, 57(4), 228-236.

Colson, S. (2010). Introduction to biological nurturing: New angles on breastfeeding. Amarillo, TX: Hale Publishing.

Elmir, R., Schmied, V., Wilkes, L., & Jackson, D. (2010). Women’s perceptions and experiences of a traumatic birth: A meta-ethnography. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 66(10), 2142-2153.

Friedman, M. J., Resick, P. A., Bryant, R. A., & Brewin, C. R. (2011). Considering PTSD for DSM-5. Depression & Anxiety, 28, 750-769.

Galea, S., Vlahov, D., Resnick, H., Ahern, J., Susser, E., Gold, J., . . . Kilpatrick, D. (2003). Trends of probable post-traumatic stress disorder in New York City after the September 11 terrorist attacks. American Journal of Epidemiology, 158, 514-524.

Grajeda, R., & Perez-Escamilla, R. (2002). Stress during labor and delivery is associated with delayed onset of lactation among urban Guatemalan women. Journal of Nutrition, 132, 3055-3060.

Modarres, M., Afrasiabi, S., Rahnama, P., & Montazeri, A. (2012). Prevalence and risk factors of childbirth-related post-traumatic stress symptoms. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 12(88). doi: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2393/12/88

National Center for PTSD. (2014). DSM-5 criteria for PTSD. From http://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/PTSD-overview/dsm5_criteria_ptsd.asp

Rowlands, I. J., & Redshaw, M. (2012). Mode of birth and women’s psychological and physical wellbeing in the postnatal period. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 12(138). doi: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2393/12/138

Soderquist, I., Wijma, B., Thorbert, G., & Wijma, K. (2009). Risk factors in pregnancy for post-traumatic stress and depression after childbirth. British Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, 116, 672-680.

Stramrood, C. A., Paarlberg, K. M., Huis Veld, E. M., Berger, L. W. A. R., Vingerhoets, A. J. J. M., Schultz, W. C. M. W., & Van Pampus, M. G. (2011). Posttraumatic stress following childbirth in homelike- and hospital settings. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology, 32(2), 88-97

Volume 29, Issue 4

In this article Kathleen Kendall-Tackett shares clinical approaches to working with mother-baby breastfeeding dyads that have experienced trauma or post-traumatic stress from birth.

When Humanity is Born by Cesarean at the Dawn of a Paradigm Shift.

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Michel Odent
Publication Date: 
Oct 2014

Abstract:  In this paper, the question of the long-term impact of cesarean birth on cultures worldwide is investigated. Extensive research is cited to support the concepts put forth.

Cesarean birth
Birth
New Paradigm Of Awareness
References: 

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Volume 29, Issue 1

Abstract:  In this paper, the question of the long-term impact of cesarean birth on cultures worldwide is investigated. Extensive research is cited to support the concepts put forth.

Interview: Mary Jackson, Certified Professional Midwife Bridging Midwifery Practice and Pre- and Perinatal Psychology Insights

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Price: $10.00
Related Content:: 
Birth
Midwife
Midwifery
Prenatal and Perinatal Psychology
Kerry Cerelli
Publication Date: 
Jan 2013

Interview with Mary Jackson, CPM,Midwife integrating pre and perinatal psychology principles into midwifery practice. Mary Jackson RN, CPM, LM, RCST, has been a home birth Midwife since 1975. She has attended over 2,000 births in the Santa Barbara, Ventura, and Ojai, California areas and is now attending home births with her second generation of babies. She has incorporated a two-year craniosacral training with Michael Shea and the two-year Castellino Prenatal and Birth Training into her midwifery practice.

Volume 28, Issue 1

The Effects of Prenatal Yoga on Birth Outcomes: A Systematic Review of the Literature

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Price: $10.00
Related Content:: 
Birth Outcomes
Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Birth
Prenatal Yoga
Pregnancy
Prenatal Yoga
Kelly Riley
Emily Drake

Importance There are limited data to demonstrate the potential impact of prenatal yoga on birth outcomes such as maternal comfort, labor duration, and infant gestational age and weight.
Objective To examine the published evidence on prenatal yoga, identify the gaps in this field of study, and to explore avenues for further research.

References: 

References

Beddoe, A. E., Lee, K. A., Weiss, S. J., Kennedy, H. P., & Yang, C. P. (2010). Effects of mindful yoga on sleep in pregnant women: A pilot study. Biological Research for Nursing, 11(4), 363-370.
Beddoe, A. E., Yang, C. P., Kennedy, H. P., Weiss, S. J., & Lee, K. A. (2009). The effects of mindfulness-based yoga during pregnancy on maternal psychological and physical distress. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecological, & Neonatal Nursing, 38, 310-319.
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The effects of yoga in prevention of pregnancy complications in high-risk pregnancies: A randomized controlled trial. Preventative Medicine. 55(4), 333-340.
Satyapriya, M., Nagendra, H. R., Nagarathna, R., & Padmalatha, V. (2009). Effect of integrated yoga on stress and heart rate variability in pregnant women. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 104, 218-222.
Saunders, T. A., Lobel, M., Veloso, C., & Meyer, B. A. (2006). Prenatal maternal stress is associated with delivery analgesia and unplanned cesareans. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynecology, 27(3), 141-146.
Smith, C., Hancock, H., Blake-Mortimer, J., & Eckert, K. (2007). A randomised comparative trial of yoga and relaxation to reduce stress and anxiety. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 15, 77-83.
Smith, J. A., Greer, T., Sheets, T., & Watson, S. (2011). Is there more to yoga than exercise? Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, 17(3), 22-29.
Sun, Y., Hung, Y., Chang, Y., & Kuo, S. (2010). Effects of a prenatal yoga programme on the discomforts of pregnancy and maternal childbirth self-efficacy in Taiwan. Midwifery, 26, 31-36.
Vempati, R. P., & Telles, S. (2002). Yoga-based guided relaxation reduces sympathetic activity judged from baseline levels. Psychological Reports, 90, 487-494.
Vieten, C., & Astin, J. (2008). Effects of a mindfulness-based intervention during pregnancy on prenatal stress and mood; results of a pilot study. Archives of Women's Mental Health, 11, 67-74.
Weinstock, M. (2005). The potential influence of maternal stress hormones on development and mental health of the offspring. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 19, 296-308.
Yang, C. C. H., Chao, T. C., Kuo, T. B. J., Yin, C. S., & Chen, H. I. (2000). Preeclamptic pregnancy is associated with increased sympathetic and decreased parasympathetic control of HR. American Journal of Physiology: Heart and Circulatory Physiology, 278, 1269-1273.

Volume 28, Issue 1

How Birthing Professionals Can Include Early Consciousness in Pregnancy and Birthing

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Price: $10.00
Related Content:: 
Birth
Prenatal Education
Prenatal Memory
Karen Melton
Publication Date: 
Jul 2013
The subject of prenatal consciousness should be considered outside of the very limiting arena of the American abortion debate. The recognition of prenatal consciousness as well as the reclamation of one’s own early consciousness is important for us all, and in particular for birthing professionals.
Volume 27, Issue 4

Antecedents to Somatoform Disorders: A Pre-and Perinatal Psychology Hypothesis

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Price: $10.00
Related Content:: 
Birth
Bobbi Jo Lyman
Publication Date: 
Jan 2011

The somatoforn cluster of behavioral disorders is the single most frequent class of unexplainable problems found in primary care medical settings today. What is known about these disorders is that there are physiological, social, and psychological variables that need to be considered. What is not known is how a person develops a propensity toward having physical symptoms as their primary complaint. The author suggests that human beings are classically conditioned when faced with intolerable emotional experiences in the womb or during birth.

References: 

APA (American Psychiatric Association). (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, D.C.: Author.

Bauer, P. J. (1996). What do infants recall of their lives? Memory for specific events by one- and two-year-olds. American Psychologist, 51(1), 29-41.

Behavioral Science Task Force of the National Advisory Mental Health Council (1995). Basic Behavioral Science Research for Mental Health: A National Investment: Emotion and Motivation. American Psychologist, 50(10), 838-845.

Benoliel, J. (1995). Multiple meanings of pain and complexities of pain management. Nursing Clinics of North America, 30(4), 583.

Bower, G. H. (1981). Mood and memory. American Psychologist, 31, 129-148.

Carlson, N R. (1994). Physiology of behavior. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.

Chaplin, S. L. (1997). Somatization. In W. Tseng & J. Streltzer (Eds.), Culture & psychopathology: A guide to clinical assessment (67-86). New York: Brunner/Mazel.

Domínguez, B., Valderrama, P, de los Angeles Meza, M., Perez, S. L., Silva, ?., Martinez, G., Méndez, V. M. & Olvera, Y. (1995). The roles of disclosure and emotional reversal in clinical practice. In J.W. Pennebaker (ed.), Emotion, disclosure, & health. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Emerson, W R. (1996). The vulnerable prenate. Pre- and Perinatal Psychology Journal, 10(3), 125-142.

Fauman, M. A. (1994). Study Guide to DSM-PV. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, Inc.

Gatchel, R. J., Baum, A., & Rrantz, D. S. (1988). An introduction to health psychology (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.

Goleman, D. (1995). Emotional Intelligence. New York: Bantam Books.

Kessler, R. C, Nelson, C. B., McGonagle, K A., Lieu, J., Swartz, M., & Blazer, D. G (1996). Comorbidity of DSM-I H-R major depressive disorder in the general population: results from the U. S. National Comorbidity Survey. British Journal of Psychiatry, 169, 17-30.

Kirkwood, C. R., Clure, H. R., Brodsky, R., Gould, G H., Knaak, R., Metcalf, M., & Romeo, S. (1982). The diagnostic content of family practice: 50 most common diagnoses recorded in the WAMI community practices. Journal of Family Practice, 15(3), 485492.

Kirmayer, L. J. & Taillefer, S. (1997). Somatoform disorders. In S. M. Turner, & M. Hersen (Eds.), Adult psychopathology and diagnosis (3d Ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Lake, F. (1981). Tight Corners in Pastoral Counselling. London: Darton, Longman and Todd

Lake, F. (1987). Clinical Theology. New York: Crossroad.

Lang, P. J. (1984). The cognitive psychophysiology of emotion: Fear and anxiety. InA. J. Turna & J. D. Maser (Ed.), Anxiety and anxiety disorders (pp. 130-170). Hilldale, NJ: Erlbaum.

LeDoux, J. (1993). Emotional memory systems in the brain. Behavioral and Brain Research, 58, 24-39.

Leventhal, H. (1984). A perceptual-motor theory of emotion. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental socialpsychology (pp. 117-182). New York: Academic.

Leventhal, H., & Tomarken, R. (1986). Emotion: Today's problems. Annual Review of Psychology, 37, 565-610.

Levi, L. (1974). Psychosocial stress and disease: A conceptual model. In E. K Gunderson & R. H. Rahe (Eds.), Life stress and illness. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.

Mayou, R., Bass, C, & Sharpe, M. (1995). Overview of epidemiology, classification, and etiology. In R. Mayou, C. Bass & M. Sharpe (Eds.), Treatment of functional somatic symptoms (pp. 42-65). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Miranda, J., Perez-Stable, E., Munoz, R., Hargreaves, W., & Henke, C. (1991). Somatization, psychiatric disorder, and stress in utilization of ambulatory medical services. Health Psychology, 10, 46-51.

Nesse, R. M., & Williams, G. C. (1994). Why we get sick. - The new science of Darwinian Medicine. New York: Vintage Books.

Reid, W. H., BaHs, G. U. & Sutton, B. J. (1997). The treatment of psychiatric disorders (3rd ed.). Bristol, PA: Brunner/Mazel, Inc.

Riedlinger, T, & Riedlinger, J. ( 1986). Taking birth trauma seriously. Medical Hypotheses, 19, 15-25.

Schore, A. N (1994). Affect regulation and the origin of the self. The neurobiology of emotional development. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Terr, L. C. (1988). What happens to early memories of trauma? Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 1, 96-104.

Thayer, R. E. (1989). The biopsychology of mood and arousal. New York: Oxford University Press,

van der Kolk, B. A. (1989). The compulsion to repeat the trauma: Re-enactment, revictimization and masochism. Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 12, 389-411.

van der Kolk, B. A. (1994). The body keeps the score: Memory and the evolving psychobiology of posttraumatic stress. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 2(5), 253-265.

Volume 25, Issue 4

Childbirth in the Land of Utopia

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Related Content:: 
Birth
Caesarean
Primal Health
Michel Odent
Publication Date: 
May 2010

In this creative look into the future, the author offers a scenario in which giving birth without medical intervention is deemed to be ideal. The scene starts in the year 2010 with an interdisciplinary conference to discuss the need to control the rate of caesarean birth. The effects of the Utopian attitude are evaluated in 2031. Interestingly, outsiders had been at the root of the miraculous solutions unanimously adopted in this country. This essay presents a thought-provoking approach that will have you creating your own version of Utopia.

Volume 24, Issue 4

Book Reviews 23,3

Publication Date: 
03/2009

ABSTRACT: This article offers a historical account of the changes in birth that the author reflects on after decades as a practicing obstetrician. In preliterate and pre-agricultural societies, women used to isolate themselves to give birth. It seems that at that phase of the history of humanity the only person who could be around was the mother of the parturient, an ant, or another experienced mother. Then, for thousands of years, childbirth has been more and more socialized and culturally controlled. During this long period the birth environment remained mostly feminine.

Volume 23, Issue 3

The Masculinisation of the Birth Environment

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Price: $10.00
Related Content:: 
Oxytocin
Hospitals
Masculinisation
Birth
Doula
Midwifery
Michel Odent
Publication Date: 
Mar 2009

This article offers a historical account of the changes in birth that the author reflects on after decades as a practicing obstetrician. In preliterate and pre-agricultural societies, women used to isolate themselves to give birth. It seems that at that phase of the history of humanity the only person who could be around was the mother of the parturient, an ant, or another experienced mother. Then, for thousands of years, childbirth has been more and more socialized and culturally controlled. During this long period the birth environment remained mostly feminine.

References: 

Donnison, J. (1977). Midwives and medical men. London: Heinemann.

Odent, M. (2009). The functions of the orgasms: the highways to transcendence. London: Pinter & Martin.

Odent, M. (2004). Knitting midwives for drugless childbirth? Midwifery Today, 71, 21-22.

Von Siebold, E. C. J. (1839). Versuch einer Geschichte der Gerburtshulfe, Berlin.

Volume 23, Issue 3

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